A pilot study on the effects of early use of valproate sodium on neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury / 中国当代儿科杂志

OBJECTIVES@#To study the effect of early use of sodium valproate on neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury (TBI).@*METHODS@#A total of 45 children who visited in Xuzhou Children's Hospital Affiliated to Xuzhou Medical University from August 2021 to August 2022 were enrolled in this prospective study, among whom 15 healthy children served as the healthy control group, and 30 children with TBI were divided into a sodium valproate treatment group and a conventional treatment group using a random number table (n=15 each). The children in the sodium valproate treatment group were given sodium valproate in addition to conventional treatment, and those in the conventional group were given an equal volume of 5% glucose solution in addition to conventional treatment. The serum concentrations of nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3), high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin-1β (IL-1β) were measured in the healthy control group on the day of physical examination and in the children with TBI on days 1, 3, and 5 after admission. Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended (GOS-E) score was evaluated for the children with TBI 2 months after discharge.@*RESULTS@#Compared with the healthy control group, the children with TBI had significantly higher serum concentrations of NLRP3, HMGB1, TNF-α, and IL-1β on day 1 after admission (P<0.017). The concentration of NLRP3 on day 5 after admission was significantly higher than that on days 1 and 3 after admission in the children with TBI (P<0.017). On days 3 and 5 after admission, the sodium valproate treatment group had a significantly lower concentration of NLRP3 than the conventional treatment group (P<0.05). For the conventional treatment group, there was no significant difference in the concentration of HMGB1 on days 1, 3, and 5 after admission (P>0.017), while for the sodium valproate treatment group, the concentration of HMGB1 on day 5 after admission was significantly lower than that on days 1 and 3 after admission (P<0.017). On day 5 after admission, the sodium valproate treatment group had a significantly lower concentration of HMGB1 than the conventional treatment group (P<0.05). For the children with TBI, the concentration of TNF-α on day 1 after admission was significantly lower than that on days 3 and 5 after admission (P<0.017). On days 3 and 5 after admission, the sodium valproate treatment group had a significantly lower concentration of TNF-α than the conventional treatment group (P<0.05). The concentration of IL-1β on day 3 after admission was significantly lower than that on days 1 and 5 after admission (P<0.017) in the children with TBI. On days 3 and 5 after admission, the sodium valproate treatment group had a significantly lower concentration of IL-1β than the conventional treatment group (P<0.05). The GOS-E score was significantly higher in the sodium valproate treatment group than that in the conventional treatment group 2 months after discharge (P<0.05).@*CONCLUSIONS@#Early use of sodium valproate can reduce the release of neuroinflammatory factors and improve the prognosis of children with TBI.

Neuroprotective effects of voluntary exercise and Yisaipu after traumatic brain injury in mice / 生理学报

The mechanisms underlying exercise-induced neuroprotective effects after traumatic brain injury (TBI) remained elusive, and there is a lack of effective treatments for TBI. In this study, we investigated the effects of an integrative approach of exercise and Yisaipu (TNFR-IgG fusion protein, TNF inhibitor) in a mouse TBI model. Male C57BL/6J mice were randomly assigned to a sedentary group or a group that followed a voluntary exercise regimen. The effects of 6-week prophylactic preconditioning exercise (PE) alone or in combination with post-TBI Yisaipu treatment on moderate TBI associated deficits were examined. The results showed that combined treatments of PE and post-TBI Yisaipu were superior to single treatments on reducing sensorimotor and gait dysfunctions in mice. These functional improvements were accompanied by reduced systemic inflammation largely via decreased serum TNF-α, boosted autophagic flux, and mitigated lesion volume after TBI. Given these neuroprotective effects, composite approaches such as a combination of exercise and TNF inhibitor may be a promising strategy for facilitating functional recovery from TBI and are worth further investigation.

The effect of rosmarinic acid on deformities occurring in brain tissue by craniectomy method. Histopathological evaluation of IBA-1 and GFAP expressions

Abstract Purpose To investigate the role of Rosmarinic acid (RA) in the prevention of traumatic brain injury and the immunohistochemical analysis of IBA-1 and GFAP expressions. Methods Healthy male rats were randomly divided into 3 groups consisting of 10 rats. Groups were as follows; control group, traumatic brain injury (TBI) group, and TBI+RA group. After traumatic brain injury, blood samples were taken from the animals and analyzed with various biochemical markers. And then IBA-1 and GFAP expressions were evaluated immunohistochemically. Results Significant results were obtained in all biochemical parameters between groups. Immunohistochemical sections showed IBA-1 not only in microglia and macrophage activity but also in degenerative neurons in blood vessel endothelial cells. However, GFAP reaction and post-traumatic rosmarinic acid administration showed positive expression in astrocytes with regular structure around the blood vessel. Conclusion Rosmarinic acid in blood vessel endothelial cells showed that preserving the integrity of astrocytic structure in the blood brain barrier may be an important antioxidant.

Immunoexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor, beta-cell lymphoma 2 and cluster of differentiation 68 in cerebellar tissue of rats treated with Ganoderma lucidum / Inmunoexpresión del factor de crecimiento endotelial vascular, linfoma de células beta 2 y grupo de diferenciación 68 en tejido cerebeloso de ratas tratadas con Ganoderma lucidum

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) can potentially lead to hemorrhages in all areas of the skull, which can damage cells and nerve connections. This study aims to investigate the protective effects of Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides (GLPS) as a antioxidant on cerebellar cell tissues after traumatic brain injury in rats. Sprague Dawley rats were subjected to TBI with a weight-drop device using 300 g1m weight-height impact. The groups are consisted of control, trauma, and trauma+Ganoderma lucidum groups. At seven days post-brain injury, experimental rats were decapitated after intraperitoneal administration of ketamine HCL (0.15 ml/100 g body weight). Cereballar samples were taken for histological examination or determination of malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) levels and myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity. Significant improvement was observed in cells and vascular structures of Ganoderma lucidum treated groups when compared to untreated groups. It is believed that Ganoderma lucidum may have an effect on the progression of traumatic brain injury. Ganoderma lucidum application may affect angiogenetic development in blood vessel endothelial cells, decrease inflammatory cell accumulation by affecting cytokine mechanism and may create apoptotic nerve cells and neuroprotective mechanism in glial cells.

La lesión cerebral traumática (LCT) puede provocar hemorragias en todas las áreas del cráneo, lo que puede dañar las células y las conexiones nerviosas. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo investigar los efectos protectores de los polisacáridos de Ganoderma lucidum (GLPS) como antioxidante en los tejidos de las células del cerebelo después de la lesión cerebral traumática en ratas. Ratas Sprague Dawley fueron sometidas a TBI con un dispositivo de caída de peso usando un impacto de peso de 300 g-1 m. Se formaron los siguientes grupos: control, trauma y trauma + Ganoderma lucidum. Siete días después de la lesión cerebral, las ratas experimentales fueron decapitadas después de la administración intraperitoneal de ketamina HCL (0,15 ml / 100 g de peso corporal). Se tomaron muestras cerebrales para el examen histológico y para la determinación de niveles de malondialdehído (MDA) y glutatión (GSH) y actividad de mieloperoxidasa (MPO). Se observó una mejora significativa en las células y las estructuras vasculares de los grupos tratados con Ganoderma lucidum en comparación con los grupos no tratados. Durante el estudio se observó que Ganoderma lucidum puede tener un efecto sobre la progresión de la lesión cerebral traumática. La aplicación de Ganoderma lucidum puede afectar el desarrollo angiogénico en las células endoteliales de los vasos sanguíneos, disminuir la acumulación de células inflamatorias al afectar el mecanismo de las citocinas y puede crear células nerviosas apoptóticas y un mecanismo neuroprotector en las células gliales.

Mensuração da força muscular dos extensores do tronco em diferentes velocidades angulares no dinamômetro isocinético em uma pessoa após traumatismo crânio encefálico: relato de caso / Muscle strength of trunk extensors measurement in different angular velocity in an isokinetic dynamometer an individual post traumatic brain injury: case report

Objetivo: Avaliar a velocidade de movimento de extensão do tronco, em três fases angulares, dentro do intervalo de movimento de 15 graus por segundo (º/s) a 60º/s, em uma pessoa com dupla hemiparesia, após traumatismo crânio encefálico. Métodos: A amostra foi composta por um participante do sexo masculino, idade 18 anos, com dupla hemiparesia predominante à direita, limitação de amplitude de movimento de quadril e joelho direito após TCE causado por acidente automobilístico. A força muscular dos extensores do tronco foi verificada por meio da avaliação isocinética, em um dinamômetro da marca Cybex® modelo 6000. O programa de treinamento isocinético foi realizado duas vezes por semana, em sessões de 60 minutos, durante 35 semanas no Serviço de Condicionamento Físico - IMREA HCFMUSP, unidade Vila Mariana, São Paulo / SP. Resultados: Após 10 sessões, o pico do torque apresentou aumento de 193,0% e 160,0% na força muscular concêntrica dos extensores do tronco realizada em velocidade angular de 15 e 30 graus por segundo respectivamente e, após 70 sessões, a melhora apresentada foi de 102% para velocidade angular de 60 graus por segundo. Conclusão: O treinamento isocinético pode contribuir para melhora da força muscular dos extensores do tronco de um adulto jovem com sequela neurológica após traumatismo crânio-encefálico, contribuindo para melhora do equilíbrio, diminuição de dores e de riscos de futuras lesões musculoesqueléticas.

Objective: The objective of this study was to evaluate the velocity of trunk extension movement, in three angular phases, within the range of 15 degrees per second (º/s) at 60º/s, in a person with double hemiparesis after traumatic brain injury. Methods: The sample consisted of a male participant, 18 years old, with predominant right hemiparesis, limitation of range of motion of the hip and right knee after TBI caused by automobile accident. The muscle strength of the trunk extensors was verified by isokinetic evaluation in a Cybex® model 6000 dynamometer. The isokinetic training program was performed twice a week, in 60-minute sessions, for 35 weeks. Results: After 10 sessions, the peak torque increase 193.0% and 160.0% in the concentric muscle strength of the trunk extensors performed at angular velocity of 15 and 30 degree per second respectively and, after 70 sessions, the improvement presented was 102% for angular velocity of 60 degree per second. Conclusion: Isokinetic training may contribute to the improvement of the muscular strength of the trunk extensors of a young adult with a neurological sequel after traumatic brain injury, and contributes to an improvement in balance, a decrease in pain and risk of future musculoskeletal injuries.

The protection effect and mechanism of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in rat brain with traumatic injury

Abstract Purpose: To investigate the effect of hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) on traumatic brain injury (TBI) outcome. Methods: The modified Marmarou's weight drop device was used to generate non-lethal moderate TBI rat model, and further developed in vitro astrocytes culturing system. Then, we analyzed the expression changes of interested genes and protein by quantitative PCR and western blot. Results: Multiple HBO treatments significantly reduced the expression of apoptosis promoting genes, such as c-fos, c-jun, Bax and weakened the activation of Caspase-3 in model rats. On the contrary, HBOT alleviated the decrease of anti-apoptosis gene Bcl-2 and promoted the expression of neurotrophic factors (NTFs), such as NGF, BDNF, GDNF and NT-3 in vivo. As a consequent, the neuropathogenesis was remarkably relied with HBOT. Astrocytes from TBI brain or those cultured with 21% O2 density expressed higher NTFs than that of corresponding controls, from sham brain and cultured with 7% O2, respectively. The NTFs expression was the highest in astrocytes form TBI brain and cultured with 21% O2, suggesting a synergistic effect existed between TBI and the following HBO treatment in astrocytes. Conclusion: Our findings provided evidence for the clinical usage of HBO treating brain damages.

Effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on retinal damage after traumatic brain injury / Efectos del ester fenetílico del ácido cafeico en el daño de la retina después de una lesion cerebral traumática

SUMMARY: Head trauma damages the optic nerve visual function and visual acuity.Effects of head trauma on the retina was investigated with biochemical, histological and immunohistochemical respects.The study was conducted on 30 rats with three groups: group 1 was control group (n=10). Second group was head-traumatized group (n=10) and last group was head-traumatized+Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE, i.p. 20ml/kg/day). Upon head was traumatized, CAPE was applied to trauma+CAPE group and then for the following four days. At the end of 5th day, rats were anesthetized with ketamine hydroxide and then blood samples were taken for biochemical analysis. MDA and GSH-Px values were compared. After blood sample, total eyes of rats were dissected for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. In trauma group, degeneration in retinal photoreceptor cells, disintegrity and in inner and outer nuclear layers, hypertrophy in ganglion cells, and hemorrhage in blood vessels were observed. In the group treated with CAPE, lesser degeneration in photoreceptor cells, regular appearances of inner and outer nuclear layers, mild hemorrhage in blood vessels of ganglionic cell layer were observed. The apoptotic changes caused by trauma seen in photoreceptor and ganglionic cells were decreased and cellular organization was preserved due to CAPE treatment. CAPE was thought to induce healing process on traumatic damages.

RESUMEN: El trauma craneal daña la función visual del nervio óptico y la agudeza visual. Se investigaron los efectos del traumatismo craneal en la retina con aspectos bioquímicos, histológicos e inmunohistoquímicos. El estudio se realizó en 30 ratas distribuidas en tres grupos: grupo control (n = 10); grupo con traumatismo craneal (n = 10); grupo con traumatismo craneoencefálico + Éster fenetílico de ácido cafeico (CAPE, i.p. 20 ml / kg / día). Sobre la cabeza traumatizada, se aplicó CAPE a trauma + grupo CAPE durante los siguientes cuatro días. Al final del día 5, las ratas se anestesiaron con hidróxido de ketamina y luego se tomaron muestras de sangre para el análisis bioquímico. Se compararon los valores de MDA y GSH-Px. Después de la muestra de sangre, se disecaron los ojos de las ratas para su análisis histopatológico e inmunohistoquímico. En el grupo de traumatismos, se observó degeneración en las células fotorreceptoras retinianas, desintegridad en capas nucleares internas y externas, hipertrofia en células ganglionares y hemorragia en los vasos sanguíneos. En el grupo tratado con CAPE, se observó una menor degeneración en las células fotorreceptoras, apariciones regulares de capas nucleares internas y externas, hemorragia leve en los vasos sanguíneos de la capa de células ganglionares. Los cambios apoptóticos causados por el trauma visto en el fotorreceptor y las células ganglionares disminuyeron y la organización celular se conservó debido al tratamiento con CAPE. Se concluyó que CAPE induce un proceso de curación en daños traumáticos.

Tumores cerebrales pediátricos experiencia de 10 años / Mucinous carcinoma of the breast ten years experience

Estimar la sobrevida de pacientes pediátricos con tumores cerebrales tratados en la Unidad de Radioterapia Oncológica GURVE del Instituto Médico la Floresta. Análisis de 137 pacientes pediátricos con tumores primarios del sistema nervioso central vistos entre enero de 2000 a diciembre de 2010. Los pacientes recibieron tratamiento posoperatorio con radioterapia y quimioterapia. La dosis total de radioterapia se administró de acuerdo al tipo histológico oscilando entre 5 040 cGy-6 000 cGy. Dosis fracción fue 180 cGy y (150 cGy diario casos tratados con irradiación craneoespinal). El tiempo medio de seguimiento fue 44,2 meses con un rango 2,2 a137,4 meses. La edad osciló de 2-18 años media 12 años. En 77 (52,2%) fueron masculinos y 60 (47,7%) femenino. El sitio anatómico más frecuente fue la región infratentorial 85 (62%) seguidas 49 (35,7%) en la región supratentorial y 1 en región espinal. Los tumores más frecuentes resultaron ser gliomas con 74 (54,7%) y PNET´s 23(16,1%). La sobrevida global para los gliomas de bajo grado fue 87,5% a los 5 y 10 años respectivamente. En los gliomas de alto grado se encontró una sobrevida global 30,2% a los 5 años. En los tumores de tallo cerebral la sobrevida a los 5 años fue 9,4%. La sobrevida global obtenida en los pacientes pediátricos tratados con radioterapia y en algunos casos con quimioterapia es similar a los publicados en la literatura internacional.

To estimated super life in pediatric patients treated in the Department of Radiation Oncology, GURVE, the Floresta Medical Institute. A retrospective analysis of survival of 137 pediatric patients with primary tumors of the central nervous system from January 2000 to December 2010 was done. Patients received postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy. The total dose of radiotherapy ranged from 5 040 cGy to 6 000 cGy, using a daily dose of 180 cGy, (and 150 cGy per day in cases treated with craneo spinal irradiation) depending on the histological type. Mean follow-up time was 44.2 months, with a range of 2.2-137.4 month. Age ranged from 2 to 18 years average of 12 years. As for the sex distribution 77 (52.2%) were males and 60 (47.7%) were females. The most common anatomic site was the infratentorial region in 85 patients (62%), followed by 49 (35.7%) in the supratentorial region and 1 in spinal region. The most common histological type found were gliomas in 74 patients (54.7%) and PNET´s in 23 (16.1%). Overall survival for low-grade gliomas was 87.5% at 5 and 10 years respectively. In high-grade gliomas overall survival was 30.2% at 5 years. In tumors of the brain stem survival at 5 years was 9.4%. Overall survival in pediatric patients with brain tumors treated with radiation therapy and in some cases chemotherapy was similar to those found in international literature.

Avaliação de 76 casos de traumatismo crânio-encefálico por queda da própria altura atendidos na emergência de um hospital geral / Evaluation of 76 cases of traumatic brain injury from falling from standing height in an Emergency

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi elaborar um perfil epidemiológico de pacientes que sofreram traumatismo crânio-encefálico (TCE) por queda da própria altura (QPA). Métodos: Foram selecionados os pacientes com TCE atendidos na emergência de um hospital geral em Florianópolis (SC) durante um período de dois meses. Os pacientes que apresentaram TCE por QPA foram avaliados. As variáveis deste estudo incluíram: idade, sexo, presença de comorbidades e pontuação na Escala de Coma de Glasgow (ECG) no momento da admissão à emergência. Resultados: Setenta e seis pacientes (44 homens e 32 mulheres) preencheram os nossos critérios de inclusão. As idades dos pacientes à admissão variaram de 15 a 98 anos (média: 45,8 anos). Aproximadamente 63% dos pacientes utilizaram o carro privado como meio de transporte préhospitalar; 15% tinham história de ingestão alcoólica recente; 37% perderam a consciência imediatamente antes ou logo após o trauma e 37% tinham uma ou mais comorbidades conhecidas no momento do trauma. De acordo com a ECG, cerca de 90% dos pacientes sofreram TCE leve(ECG>12). Conclusões: A maioria dos pacientes atendidos na emergência devido a TCE por QPA são homens eindivíduos com idade superior a 40 anos. O sexo masculino está mais freqüentemente associado com uma história de ingestão alcoólica. O consumo de álcool está associado com a perda de consciência e maior gravidade do TCE. As análises demonstraram não haver relação da gravidade do TCE com osexo, a idade, a perda da consciência ou a presença de comorbidades associadas.

Objective: The aim of this study was to elaborate an epidemiological profile of patients who suffered traumatic brain injury (TBI) from falling from standing height. Methods: We selected the patients with TBI presented to the emergency room (ER) of a generalhospital in Florianopolis (Brazil) during a time period of two months. Patients who suffered TBI caused by falling from standing height were evaluated. The variables analyzed included: age, sex,presence of comorbidities and the Glasgow Coma Scale score (GCS) at the time of admission to the ER.Results: Seventy six patients (44 men and 32 women) fulfilled our inclusion criteria. Ages at admission ranged from 15 to 98 years (mean: 45.8 years). Approximately 63% of patients arrived at the hospital by private car, 15% had a history of recent alcohol consumption, 37% lost consciousness immediately before or right after the trauma, and 37% had one or more known comorbidities. According to the CGS, about 90% of patients had a mild TBI (GCS>12). Conclusions: Most patients admitted into ER with TBI from falling from standing height are men andpeople older than 40 years old. Male sex is more often associated with a history of alcohol intake. Alcohol consumption is associated with loss of consciousness and severity of TBI. The analysisdemonstrated no correlation between sex, age, loss of conscioussness or comorbidities and the severity of TBI.

Da herança à localização cerebral: sobre o determinismo biológico de condutas indesejadas / From heritage to cerebral localization: on the biological determinism of undesired conducts

Analisamos os argumentos utilizados, em dois momentos diferentes do século XX, para justificar o recurso a explicações biológicas de condutas consideradas como socialmente indesejadas. Referimo-nos, inicialmente, aos estudos realizados pelos higienistas de início do século, cujas explicações estavam centradas no caráter orgânico e inato dos desvios, para continuar logo com os recentes estudos da neurociência que se propõem a localizar as condutas nas sinapses inadequadas e nas explicações referidas a deficiências químicas do cérebro.

The article analyzes the arguments used in two distinct moments of the 20th century, to justify the use of biological explanations for conducts considered as socially undesirable. Firstly we refer to studies of hygienists in the early century, whose explanation were centered on the organic and innate character of deviations, then we analyze the recent studies in the neurosciences which try to locate these conducts in inadequate synapses and in explanations related to chemical cerebral deficiencies.

Traumatismo encefalocraneano leve en pacientes pedíatricos: Factores de riesgo / Slight encephalocranean traumatism in pediatrics patients: Factors of risk

El traumatismo encefalocraneano (TEC) es uno de los motivos más frecuentes de consulta en la urgencia pediátrica, tanto en el medio hospitalario como en la atención primaria. El objetivo de la presente monografía es determinar los factores de riesgo en los pacientes con TEC leve.

Complicaciones y secuelas más frecuentes en los pacientes de 15 a 35 años de edad, con lesiones Neurológicas por Traumatismo, desde el 1 de Enero al 30 de junio de 2001 en el Centro de Emergencias Médicas, dependiente del Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social

Estudio descriptivo-retrospectivo de los factores causantes de las lesiones neurológicas por traumatismo. Identifica el nivel socioeconómico y cultural de los pacientes del Centro de Emergencias Médicas, dependiente del Ministerio de Salud Pública y Bienestar Social